Spatiotemporal rescue of memory dysfunction in Drosophila. Refinement of tools for targeted gene expression in Drosophila. Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogenesis. Targeted gene expression in Drosophila dopaminergic cells using regulatory sequences from tyrosine hydroxylase. A GAL4-driver line resource for Drosophila neurobiology. Dopaminergic modulation of neuronal excitability in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Serotonergic modulation of two potassium currents in the pleural sensory neurons of Aplysia. Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation. Memory from the dynamics of intrinsic membrane currents. Bistability of α-motoneurones in the decerebrate cat and in the acute spinal cat after intravenous 5-hydroxytryptophan. Hounsgaard, J., Hultborn, H., Jespersen, B. Molecular background of leak K + currents: two-pore domain potassium channels. Identification of SLEEPLESS, a sleep-promoting factor. Drosophila hyperkinetic mutants have reduced sleep and impaired memory. Reduced sleep in Drosophila Shaker mutants. Dopamine modulation of transient potassium current evokes phase shifts in a central pattern generator network. Ion channels and synaptic organization: analysis of the Drosophila genome. A-type potassium channels expressed from Shaker locus cDNA. Expression of functional potassium channels from Shaker cDNA in Xenopus oocytes. Prediction of repetitive firing behaviour from voltage clamp data on an isolated neurone soma. Agonist-specific coupling of a cloned Drosophila melanogaster D1-like dopamine receptor to multiple second messenger pathways by synthetic agonists. Pharmacologically distinct actions of serotonin on single pyramidal neurones of the rat hippocampus recorded in vitro. Purification and properties of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Writing memories with light-addressable reinforcement circuitry. Selective photostimulation of genetically chARGed neurons. Rest in Drosophila is a sleep-like state. Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster. Identification of a dopamine pathway that regulates sleep and arousal in Drosophila. Dopamine is a regulator of arousal in the fruit fly. Dopaminergic modulation of arousal in Drosophila. Remote control of behavior through genetically targeted photostimulation of neurons. Two dopaminergic neurons signal to the dorsal fan-shaped body to promote wakefulness in Drosophila. Liu, Q., Liu, S., Kodama, L., Driscoll, M. Neuronal machinery of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila. Inducing sleep by remote control facilitates memory consolidation in Drosophila. Biophysical changes in a small population of neurons are thus linked to the control of sleep–wake state. dFB-restricted interference with the expression of Shaker or Sandman decreased or increased sleep, respectively, by slowing the repetitive discharge of dFB neurons in the ON state or blocking their entry into the OFF state. Sandman is encoded by the CG8713 gene and translocates to the plasma membrane in response to dopamine. The switch to electrical silence involved the downregulation of voltage-gated A-type currents carried by Shaker and Shab, and the upregulation of voltage-independent leak currents through a two-pore-domain potassium channel that we term Sandman. Both effects were transduced by Dop1R2 receptors and mediated by potassium conductances. Arousing dopamine 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 caused transient hyperpolarization of dFB neurons within tens of milliseconds and lasting excitability suppression within minutes. Here we demonstrate state switching by dFB neurons, identify dopamine as a neuromodulator that operates the switch, and delineate the switching mechanism. Correlative evidence thus supports the simple view that homeostatic sleep control works by switching sleep-promoting neurons between active and quiescent states 3. dFB neurons in sleep-deprived flies tend to be electrically active, with high input resistances and long membrane time constants, while neurons in rested flies tend to be electrically silent 3. Artificial activation of these cells induces sleep 2, whereas reductions in excitability cause insomnia 3, 4. In Drosophila, a crucial component of the machinery for sleep homeostasis is a cluster of neurons innervating the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) of the central complex 2, 3. Insight into this mysterious benefit will come from understanding sleep homeostasis: to monitor sleep need, an internal bookkeeper must track physiological changes that are linked to the core function of sleep 1. Sleep disconnects animals from the external world, at considerable risks and costs that must be offset by a vital benefit.
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